ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Waste Management of Building Ceramic Materials Using the DfD Technique: Sustainable Development and Environmentally Friendly
Nowadays, in modern societies, growing activities in construction affairs and their economic development have been resulted construction wastes and so much demolition in the past three decades. Most of these wastes have not been treated and therefore caused severe damages to the environment. In this research, after reviewing construction and demolition management methods and their accessories, the selected method, which is proportional with Iran circumstances and can be used as a design technique for disassembly in waste management, is suggested according to the implemented interviews and questionnaires. In this proposed method, it has been attempted to cover all economic, environmental, technical and social aspects of waste management in Iran and eliminated defects in methods offered in other studies. The present methodology is somewhat a descriptive manner that shows the recommended idea using sketch-up software, interviews and questionnaires in order to confirm the execution capability of the project. Results showed that design for disassembly (DfD) technique in the field of ceramic floors, wall tiles and building facades is capable of decreasing environmental pollutions as a result of construction materials and can also increase economic advantages in construct and deconstruct stages until a sustainable construct compatible with the environment is achieved.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90827_ca090706c5e267a3a3f6447dd7570bef.pdf
2018-02-01
1
11
10.30501/acp.2018.90827
Waste Management
Construction and demolition waste
sustainable development
Design for Disassembly (DfD) technique
Ceramic materials
Nima
Amani
nimaamani@iauc.ac.ir
1
Engineering, Islamic Azad University Chalous Branch
LEAD_AUTHOR
E.
Noferesty
nima.amani@gmail.com
2
Department of Construction Management, Iran University of Science & Technology
AUTHOR
1. Rodríguez, G., Medina, C., Alegre, F.J., Asensio, E., Sanchez de Rojas, M.I., "Assessment of construction and demolition waste plant management in Spain: in pursuit of sustainability and eco-efficiency", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 90, (2014), 16-24.
1
2. Dahlbo, H., Bacher, J., Lahtinen, K., Jouttijarvi, T., Suoheimo, P., Mattila, T., Sironen, S., Myllymaa, T., Saramaki, K. "Construction and demolition waste management-a holistic evaluation of environmental performance", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 107, (2015), 333-341.
2
3. Sami, W.T., Akmal S.A., "Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on strength properties of concrete", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 23, (2008), 1163-1167.
3
4. WMPCI., "Waste Management Plans in Construction Industry", From http://www.ukessays.com/dissertations/construction/site-waste-management-plans-in-construction-industry.php?cref=1. (2013).
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5. Yuan, H., "A model for evaluating the social performance of construction waste management", Waste Management, Vol. 32, (2012), 1218-1228.
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6. Tabnak., Disappointing Statistics on the Recycling of Construction Waste, https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/555905, (2016).
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7. Magiran., Urban Construction Waste Management, http://www.magiran.com/npview.asp?ID=1663170, (2016).
7
8. Baraldi, L., World Production and Consumption of Ceramic Tiles, ACIMAC, www.mec-studies.com, (2018).
8
9. Yuan, H., "Key indicators for assessing the effectiveness of waste management in construction projects", Ecological Indicators, Vol. 24, (2012), 476-484.
9
10. Ekanayake, L., Ofori, G., "Building waste assessment score: design-based tool", Building and Environment, Vol. 39, (2004), 851-861.
10
11. Kulatunga, U., Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R., Rameezdeen, R., "Attitudes and perceptions of construction workforce on construction waste in Sri Lanka", Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 17, (2006), 57-72.
11
12. Baldwin, A., Poon, C., Shen, L., Austin, S, Wong, I., "Designing out waste in high-rise residential buildings: analysis of precasting methods and traditional construction", Renewable Energy, Vol. 34, (2009), 2067-2073.
12
13. Wang, J.Y., Li, Z.D., Tam, V.W.Y., "Critical factors in effective construction waste minimization at the design stage: a Shenzhen case study, China", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 82, (2014), 1-7.
13
14. Lu, W., Yuan, H., "Exploring critical success factors for waste management in construction projects of China", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 55, (2010), 201-208.
14
15. Udawatta, N., Zuo, J., Chiveralls, K., Zillante, G., "Improving waste management in construction projects: An Australian study", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 101, (2015), 73-83.
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16. DfD., Design for Disassembly in the built environment: a guide to closed-loop design and building, http://www. your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/greenbuilding/documents/Design_for_Disassembly-guide.pdf, (2005).
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17. Rios, F.C., Chong, W.K., Grau, D., "Design for disassembly and deconstruction - challenges and opportunities", Procedia Engineering, Vol. 118, (2015), 1296-1304.
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18. Raja Ghazilla, R.A., Sakundarini, N., Taha, Z., Abdul Rashid, S.H., Yusoff, S., "Design for environment and design for disassembly practices in Malaysia: A practitioner’s perspectives", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 108, (2015), 331-342.
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19. Tatyana P.S., Beyond Economic Growth: An Introduction to Sustainable Development, Second Edition, WBI Learning Resources Series, World Bank Institute. (2004).
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20. Tavakolia, D., Heidari, A., Karimian, M., "Properties of concrete produced with waste ceramic tile aggregate", Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 14, (2013), 369-382.
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21. Zimbili, O., Salim, W., Ndambuki, M., “A review on the usage of ceramic wastes in concrete production”, International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering, Vol. 8, (2014), 91-95.
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22. Tabak, Y., Kara, M., Gunay, E., Yildirim, S.T., Yilmaz, S., Ceramic tile waste as a waste management solution for concrete, 3rd International Conference on Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management, Chania (Crete, GR), September 12-14th, (2012).
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23. Awoyera, P.O., Ndambuki. J.M., Akinmusuru, J.O., Omole, D.O., "Characterization of ceramic waste aggregate concrete", HBRC Journal, Vol. 14, (2018), 282-287.
23
24. Subaşi, S., Öztürk, H., Emiroğlu, M., "Utilizing of waste ceramic powders as filler material in self-consolidating concrete", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 149, (2017), 567-574.
24
25. Cabalar, A.F., Hassan, D.I., Abdulnafaa, M.D., "Use of waste ceramic tiles for road pavement subgrade", Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 18, (2017), 882-896.
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26. García-González, J., Rodríguez-Robles, D., Juan-Valdés, A., Morán-del Pozo, J., Guerra-Romero, M.I., "Ceramic ware waste as coarse aggregate for structural concrete production", Environmental Technology, Vol. 36, (2015), 3050-3059.
26
27. Jalali-Bazehur, M., Hatefi-Kargan, N., Hatefi, Y., "Enhancing the bioactivity of a calcium phosphate glass-ceramic with controlled heat treatment", Advanced Ceramics Progress (ACERP), Vol. 3, (2017), 31-37.
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28. Buildings Specification Code., Plan And Budjet Organization, http://bpms.mporg.ir/, (2016).
28
29. HBRC., Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, http://www.bhrc.ac.ir/en, (2016).
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Investigation on Milling Method in Reduction of Magnesium Nano-Powder Particles Based on Sustaining Chemical Activity
Magnesium has been used in aviation industries, automobile manufacturing, electronics and medical engineering due to its unique properties thus far. The main problem in its utilization is the high reactivity of magnesium with oxygen and humidity, which both changes its properties. The surface charge and different density results in difficulties in dispersion stability of the powder in an organic medium. Therefore, numerous methods have been applied to improve the chemical resistance and surface modification of the powder particles. The ball milling process as well as immersion in Ethylene Glycol (EG) was used in this study to increase chemical resistance and micro-sized powder dispersion stability in an organic medium. The x-ray powder diffraction analysis was applied to analyze the phase constitutions formed on the powder surface. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also utilized to obtain the morphology and the particle size. Moreover, the simultaneous thermal analysis was executed for determining thermal resistance and reactions, which both were measured dispersion stability before and after ball milling process. Results showed a decrease in average particle size from 100 to 7 μm. The chemical resistances and the stabilization increased in organic solvents.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90828_60506a198c2c19c69c39f31199b8b121.pdf
2018-02-01
12
17
10.30501/acp.2018.90828
magnesium powder
Ball milling
Ethylene glycol
chemical resistance
Ali Reza
Rezaei
alireza68rezaei@gmail.com
1
Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center
AUTHOR
Iman
Mobasherpour
i_mobasherpour@merc.ac.ir
2
Department of Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Mehdi
Hadavi
mehdihadavi@gmail.com
3
Materials, Malek Ashtar University of Technology
AUTHOR
1. Conceicao, T.F., Scharnagl N., Blawert C., Dietzel W., Kainer K.U., Corrosion Science, Vol. 52, (2010), 2066-2079.
1
2. Bridge, D. R., Holland, D. and McMillan, P. W., “Development of alpha-cordierite phase in glass ceramic for use in electronic devices”, Glass Technology, Vol. 26, No. 6, (1985), 286–292.
2
3. Mussler, B. H. and Shafer, M. W., “Preparation and properties of mullite-cordierite composites”, Ceramic Bulletin, Vol. 63, No. 5, (1984), 705–710.
3
4. Tummala, R. R., “Ceramic and glass-ceramic packaging in the 1990s”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 74, No. 5, (1991), 895–908.
4
5. Knickerbocker, S. H., Kumar, A. H. and Herron, L. W., “Cordierite glass-ceramics for multilayer ceramic packaging”, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 72, No.1, (1993), 90-95.
5
6. Dupon, R.W., McConville, R.L., Musolf, D.J., Tanous, A.C. and Thompson M.S., “Preparation of cordierite below 1000ºC via bismuth oxide flux”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 73, (1990), 335–339.
6
7. Malachevsky, M.T., Fiscina, J.E. and Esparza, D.A., “Preparation of synthetic cordierite by solid-state reaction via bismuth oxide flux”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 84, No. 7, (2001), 1575–1577.
7
8. Yang, S., Mei, J. and Ferreira J.M.F., “Microstructural evolution in sol–gel derived P2O5-doped cordierite powders”, Journal of European Ceramic Society, Vol. 20, (2000), 2191–2197.
8
9. Sumi, K., Kobayashi, Y. and Kato, E., “Low-temperature fabrication of cordierite ceramics from kaolinite and magnesium hydroxide with boron oxide additions”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 82, No. 3, (1999), 783–785.
9
10. Suzuki, H., Ota, K. and Saito, H., “Preparation of cordierite ceramics from metal alkoxides”, Journal of Ceramic Society, Vol. 95, (1987), 163–169.
10
11. Kazakos, A.M., Komarneni, S. and Roy, R., “Sol–gel processing of cordierite: effect of seeding and optimization of heat treatment”, Journal of Material Research, Vol. 5, (1990), 1095–1103.
11
12. Sumi, K., Kobayashi, Y. and Kato, E., “Synthesis and sintering of cordierite from ultrafine particles of magnesium hydroxide and kaolinite”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 81, No. 4, (1998), 1029–1032.
12
13. Ianos, R., Lazau, I. and Pacurariu C., “Solution combustion synthesis of a-cordierite”, Journal of Alloys and Compound, Vol. 480, (2009), 702–705.
13
14. Goren, R., Gocmez, H. and Ozgur, C., “Synthesis of cordierite powder from talc, diatomite and alumina”, Ceramic International, Vol. 32, No. 4, (2006), 407–409.
14
15. Ghitulica, C., Andronescu, E., Nicola, O., Dicea, A. and Birsan, M., “Preparation and characterization of cordierite powders”, Journal of European Ceramic Society, Vol. 27, (2007), 711–713.
15
16. Oghbaei, M. and Mirzaee, O., “Microwave versus conventional sintering: A review of fundamentals, advantages and applications”, Journal of Alloys and Compound, Vol. 494, (2010), 175–189.
16
17. Ebadzadeh, T., Sarrafi, M.H. and Salahi, E., “Microwave-assisted synthesis and sintering of mullite”, Ceramic International, Vol. 35, (2009), 3175–3179.
17
18. Santos, T., Valente, M.A., Monteiro, J., Sousa, J. and Costa, L.C., “Electromagnetic and thermal history during microwave heating”, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 16, (2011), 3255–3261.
18
19. Willert-Porada, M., Grosse-Berg, J., Sen I. and Park H.S., “Microwave sintering and infiltration of highly porous silicon nitride ceramics to form dense ceramics”, Advance Si-based Ceramic Composites, Vol. 287, (2005), 171–176.
19
20. Ebadzadeh, T., “Effect of mechanical activation and microwave heating on synthesis and sintering of nano-structured mullite”, Journal of Alloys and Compound, Vol. 489, No. 1, (2010), 125–129.
20
21. Kiany, M. and Ebadzadeh, T., “Effect of mechanical activation and microwave sintering on crystallization and mechanical strength of cordierite nanograins”, Ceramic International, Vol. 41, No. 2, (2015), 2342–2347.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Oxidation of ZrB2-SiC Composites at 1600 °C: Effect of Carbides, Borides, Silicides, and Chopped Carbon Fiber
The aim of this work is to optimize the oxidation resistance of ZrB2-SiC-based composites with different additives. Effect of nine factors including SiC, Cf, MoSi2, HfB2 and ZrC contents, milling time of Cf (M.t) and SPS parameters such as temperature, time and pressure on oxidation resistance in four levels was investigated. Taguchi design was applied to explore effective parameters for achieving the highest oxidation resistance. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used for sintering. Oxidation resistance tests were carried out on all composites using box furnace at 1600 °C for 1 hr holding time. Then Taguchi design was applied to determine effect of each factor on it. It has been concluded that ZrC by 45% has the most significant the effect on the oxidation resistance and oxidation resistance decreases by ZrC ascent while HfB2 has positive effect on oxidation resistance of ZrB2-based ceramics. Among the SPS parameters, the temperature has the most effect on microstructure and eventually oxidation resistance. Pressure by 2.3% and M.t by 3.4% have the least effect on the oxidation resistance. Other factors such as SiC, Cf, temperature, HfB2, MoSi2 and time have 12.8%, 8.3%, 7.7%, 6.2%, 5.9% and 5.6% on the oxidation resistance respectively.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90829_a08cfb9d2e1dfe7f0f73bc8b75c6e15e.pdf
2018-02-01
18
23
10.30501/acp.2018.90829
Oxidation Resistance
Spark Plasma Sintering
ZrB2-SiC
carbides
borides and chopped carbon fiber
Zohre
Balak
zbalak1983@gmail.com
1
Materials engineering, Azad University
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Azizieh
2
Islamic Azad University
AUTHOR
1. Shahedi Asl, M., Ghassemi Kakroudi, M., Nayebi, B., Nasiri, H., "Taguchi analysis on the effect of hot pressing parameters on density and hardness of zirconium diboride", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 50, (2015), 313-320.
1
2. George, M.R., "Studies of ultra-high temperature ceramic composite components: synthesis and characterization of HfOxCy and Si oxidation in atomic oxygen containing environments", P.H.D Thesis, Vander Bilt university, (2008).
2
3. Guo, W.M., Zhang, G.J., "Oxidation resistance and strength retention of ZrB2–SiC ceramics", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, (2010), 2387-2395.
3
4. Sarin, P., Driemeyer, P.E., . Haggerty, R.P., Kim, D. K., Bell, J.L., Apostolov, Z.D., Kriven, W.M., "In situ studies of oxidation of ZrB2 and ZrB2–SiC composites at high temperatures", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, (2010), 2375-2386.
4
5. Rezaie, A.R., . Fahrenholtz, W.G., Hilmas, G.E., "The effect of a graphite addition on oxidation of ZrB2–SiC in air at 1500 ◦C", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 33, (2013), 413-421.
5
6. Han, J., Hu, P., Zhang, X., Meng, S., Han, W., "Oxidation-resistant ZrB2–SiC composites at 2200 °C", Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 68, (2008), 799-806.
6
7. Balak, Z., Zakeri, M., Rahimipour, M.R., Salahi, E., "Taguchi design and hardness optimization of ZrB2-based composites reinforced with chopped carbon fiber and different additives and prepared by SPS", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 639, (2015), 617-625.
7
8. Balak, Z., Zakeri, "exural strength of ZrB2-based composites prepared by spark plasma sintering", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 55, (2016), 58-67.
8
9. Balak, Z., Zakeri, M., Rahimipour, M.R., Salahi, E., Kermani, M., "Investigation of Effective Parameters on Densification of ZrB2-SiC Based Composites Using Taguchi Method", ACERP, Vol. 2, No. 2, (2016), 7-15.
9
10. Monteverde F., "The thermal stability in air of hot-pressed diboride matrix composites for uses at ultra-high temperatures", Corrosion Science, Vol. 47, (2005), 2020-2033.
10
11. Li, J., Lenosky, T.J., Först, C.J., Yip, S. "Thermochemical and mechanical stabilities of the oxide scale of ZrB2 + SiC and oxygen transport mechanisms", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 91, (2008), 1475-1480.
11
12. Rezaie, A., Fahrenholtz, W.G., Hilmas, G.E., "Oxidation of zirconium diboridesilicon carbide at 1500 ◦C at a low partial pressure of oxygen", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, (2006), 3240-3245.
12
13. Monteverde, F., Bellosi, A., "Oxidation of ZrB2-based ceramics in dry air", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, (2003), 552-559.
13
14. Rezaie, A., Fahrenholtz, W.G., Hilmas, G.E., "Evolution of structure during the oxidation of zirconium diboride-silicon carbide in air up to 1500 °C", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 27, (2007), 2495-2501.
14
15. Fahrenholtz, W.G., "Thermodynamic analysis of ZrB2–SiC oxidation: formation of a SiC-depleted region", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 90, (2007),143-148.
15
16. Peter, A., Williams, A., Ridwan, S., John, H., Perepezko, P.R., "Oxidation of ZrB2–SiC ultra-high temperature composites over a wide range of SiC content", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 32, (2012), 3875-3883.
16
17. Buckley, J.D., Edie, D.D., "Carbon-Carbon materials and composites", (1993).
17
18. Wang, Z., Niu, Y., Hu, C., Li, H., Zeng, Zheng, X., Sun, "High temperature oxidation resistance of metal silicide incorporated ZrB2 composite coatings" , Prepared by Vacuum Plasma Spray Ceramics International, Vol. 41, (2015),14868-14875.
18
19. Mallik, M., Ray, K.K. ,Mitra, R., "Oxidation behavior of hot pressed ZrB2–SiC and HfB2–SiC composites", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 31, (2011), 199-215.
19
20. Guo, W.M.,, Zhou X.J., Zhang, G.J., Kan, Y.M., Li, Y.G, Wang, P.L., "Effect of Si and Zr additions on oxidation resistance of hot-pressed ZrB2–SiC composites with polycarbosilaneasa precursor at 1500°C", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 471, (2009), 153-156.
20
21. Ni, D.W., Zhang, G.J., Xu, F.F., Guo, W.M., "Initial stage of oxidation process and microstructure analysis of HfB2-20 vol% SiC composite at 1500°C", Scripta Materialia, Vol. 64, (2011), 617-620.
21
22. Liu, H. L., Liu, J.X., Liu, H.T., Zhang, G.J., "Changed oxidation behavior of ZrB2–SiC ceramics with the addition of ZrC", Ceramics International, Vol. 41, (2015), 8247-8251.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Formation of Two Types of Alumina/Intermetallic Composites based on the Reaction of Ilmenite and Aluminum
Ilmenite is a valuable industrial mineral containing Fe and Ti elements. Two composites with different morphology and composition were produced using the reaction of synthesized ilmenite and aluminum. The molar ratios of 1:2 and 1:8 were selected. The critical temperatures of each molar ratio were determined using the Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The heat treatment of the systems with different molar ratios was conducted at selected temperatures on the activated primary powders. It was specified that in the molar ratio of 1:2, at first, FeTiO3 reacts with aluminum, which leads to the formation of Fe, TiO2 and Al2O3. At higher temperatures, Fe reacts with TiO2 and so spherical Fe2Ti forms in the matrix of TiO2 and Al2O3. It should be noted that in the molar ratio of 1:8, FeAl3, TiAl3 and Al2O3 form through the reaction of FeTiO3 and aluminum, as a matter of fact, none of their products do not change at higher temperatures.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90830_ffb98f1a74e7348df95b43eb3f5e4dff.pdf
2018-02-01
24
31
10.30501/acp.2018.90830
Ilmenite
Aluminum
Reaction sequence
Phase transformation
Molar Ratio
Razieh
Khoshhal
rkhoshhal@birjandut.ac.ir
1
Materials Science & Engineering, Birjand university of Technology
AUTHOR
1. Boyarchenko, O., Sytschev, A., Vadchenko, S., Kovalev, I.D., Shchukin, A., Vrel, D., NiAl Intermetallics DispersionStrengthened with Silica, Alumina, and Mullite: Synthesis and Characterization, (2014).
1
2. Kawamori, S., Machida, T., "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Alumina-Dispersed Magnesium Fabricated Using Mechanical Alloying Method", Materials Transactions, Vol. 48 (2007), 373-379.
2
3. Rouzanmehr, N.F., Karimzadeh, F., Enayati, M.H., "Synthesis and characterization of TiAl/ -Al2O3 nanocomposite by mechanical alloying", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 478, (2009), 257-259.
3
4. Zhang, D.L., Cai, Z.H., Newby, M., "Low Cost Ti(Al/O)/Al2O3 And TixAly/Al2O3 Composites", Materials Technology, Vol. 18, (2003), 94-98.
4
5. Travitzky, N., Gotman, I., Claussen, N., "Alumina–Ti aluminide interpenetrating composites: microstructure and mechanical properties", Materials Letters, Vol. 57, (2003), 3422-3426.
5
6. Fan, R.-H., Liu, B., Zhang, J.-D., Bi, J.-Q., Yin, Y.-S., "Kinetic evaluation of combustion synthesis 3TiO2 + 7Al → 3TiAl + 2Al2O3 using non-isothermal DSC method", Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 91, (2005), 140-145.
6
7. Li, Z.W., Gao, W., Zhang, D.L., Cai, Z.H., "High temperature oxidation behaviour of a TiAl–Al2O3 intermetallic matrix composite", Corrosion Science, Vol. 46, (2004), 1997-2007.
7
8. Cai, Z.H., Zhang, D.L., "Sintering behaviour and microstructures of Ti(Al,O)/Al2O3, Ti3Al(O)/Al2O3 and TiAl(O)/Al2O3 in situ composites", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 419, (2006), 310-317.
8
9. Feng, C.F., Froyen, L., "Formation of Al3Ti and Al2O3 from an Al–TiO2 system for preparing in-situ aluminium matrix composites", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 31, (2000), 385-390.
9
10. Gasper, A.N.D., Catchpole-Smith, S., Clare, A.T., "In-situ synthesis of titanium aluminides by direct metal deposition", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 239, (2017), 230-239.
10
11. Horvitz, D., Gotman, I., Gutmanas, E.Y., Claussen, N., "In situ processing of dense Al2O3–Ti aluminide interpenetrating phase composites", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 22, (2002), 947-954.
11
12. Hansen, D.A., Traut, D.E., Fisher, G.T., "Extraction of Titanium and Iron from Ilmenite with Fluosilicic Acid", Report of Investigations, (1995).
12
13. Khoshhal, R., Soltanieh, M., Boutorabi, M.A., "Formation mechanism and synthesis of Fe–TiC/Al2O3 composite by ilmenite, aluminum and graphite", International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 45, (2014), 53-57.
13
14. Khoshhal, R., "The Effect of Raw Material Ratio on the Formation Mechanism of Fe-TiC/Al2O3 Composite", Advanced Ceramics Progress, Vol. 3, (2017), 25-30.
14
15. Welham, N.J., "Mechanochemical reaction between ilmenite (FeTiO3) and aluminium", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 270, (1998), 228-236.
15
16. Welham, N.J., Willis, P.E., Kerr, T., "Mechanochemical formation of metal-ceramic composites", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 83, (2000), 33-40.
16
17. Śleziona, J., Dyzia, M., Myalski, J., Wieczorek, J., "The structure and properties of sinters produced from composite powders Al-Al2O3-Al3Fe-Al3Ti", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 162-163, (2005), 127-130.
17
18. Sleziona, J., Dyzia, M., Wieczorek, J., "Application of liquid aluminium and FeO·TiO2 powder to the synthesis of composites in: AMME", Material Sciences Silesian University of Technology of Gliwis, (2003).
18
19. Chumarev, V., Dubrovskii, A., Pazdnikov, I., Shurygin, Y., Sel’menskikh, N., "Technological Possibilities of Manufacturing High-Grade Ferrotitanium from Crude Ore", Russian Metallurgy (Metally), Vol. 2008, (2008), 459-463.
19
20. Babyuk, V., Friedrich, B., Sokolov, V., "Investigations of Liquid Phase Aluminothermic Reduction of Ilmenite", World of Metallurgy, Vol. 60, (2007), 288-294.
20
21. Sokolov, V.M., Babyuk, V.D., Zhydkov, Y.A., Skok, Y.Y., "Aluminothermic studies of a liquid partial reduced ilmenite", Minerals Engineering, Vol. 21, (2008), 143-149.
21
22. Azizov, S.T., Kachin, A.R., Loryan, V.E., Borovinskaya, I.P., Mnatsakanyan, A.S., "Aluminothermic SHS of ferrotitanium from ilmenite: Influence of Al and KClO4 content of green composition", International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, Vol. 23, (2014), 161-164.
22
23. Tang, A., Liu, S., Pan, F., " Novel approaches to produce Al2O3–TiC/TiCN–Fe composite powders directly from ilmenite", Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, Vol. 23, (2013), 501-507.
23
24. Khoshhal, R., Soltanieh, M., Boutorabi, M.A., "Investigation on the reactions sequence between synthesized ilmenite and aluminum", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 628, (2015), 113-120.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Electro-Synthesis of Cu-Nb Nanocomposites; Toward Novel Alloying of Immiscible Bimetals
Immiscible metals due to their inherent specs are insoluble over the steady state. Developing an innovative approach to this issue would be fascinating and challenge the overriding rules. Herein, we proffer the principles of synthesis of Cu-Nb nanocomposites using electrochemical deoxidation route. This method consists of the cathodic electrolysis of the nanoparticles Cu-Nb2O5 through the molten salt electrolyte medium; which lead to the oxygen-free nanocomposites following the reduction of Nb2O5 and atomic translocation of Cu/Nb. Analysis of as-synthesized specimens by X-ray diffraction implies the Nb2O5 is reduced into Nb and all reflections of Cu are shifted to low-angles. Moreover, elemental analysis by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) illustrates the high solubility of Nb in Cu and Cu in Nb structure, which their crystallinity is consistent with the XRD. These findings confirm the electro-synthesis is a key technique for reduction of nanometer oxides, the substantial increase of solubility, and nano-alloying of immiscible metals.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90831_01899f3dcf9293ff0b2f0247a0c86c45.pdf
2018-02-01
32
39
10.30501/acp.2018.90831
Electro-deoxidation
Immiscible Metals
Oxide Precursor
Nanocomposites
Nano-alloy
Hussein
Shokrvash
hshokrvash190@gmail.com
1
Semiconductors Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC)
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abouzar
Massoudi
masoudi@merc.ac.ir
2
Semiconductor, Merc
AUTHOR
Rahim
Yazdani Rad
r_yazdanirad@yahoo.com
3
Semiconductors, MERC
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis of MgTiO3 Powder Via Co-Precipitation Method and Investigation of Sintering Behavior
A co-precipitation method was used for synthesis of pure MgTiO3 ceramic powder with Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, TiCl4 or C12H28O4Ti and NaOH as raw materials. In this method, solutions of 1 M, Mg (NO3)2 6H2O and 2 M, NaOH were prepared. A stoichiometric amount of Ti precursors from TiCl4 or C12H28O4Ti was weighted. Solutions of Mg (NO3)2. 6H2O and Ti precursor were added dropwise to NaOH solution under stirring.. The gelatinous white precipitate was calcinated at temperature range of 500-1000 °C. Moreover, the sintering process was performed at temperature range of 950-1350 °C. The results show that in the presence of TiCl4, pure MgTiO3 does not form, but using C12H28O4Ti, pure MgTiO3 with particle size less than 200 nm obtains at calcination temperature of 800 °C. Thus, the density of this sample is optimum (95% relative density) at a sintering temperature of 1050 °C and it has good dielectric properties including εr =16.2 and Q= 110000 GHz.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90832_e4dbb6e2cd6a214bddf49bb31281a85b.pdf
2018-02-01
40
44
10.30501/acp.2018.90832
Magnesium titanate
co- precipitation
Microwave dielectric
Sintering
Leila
Nikzad
nikzad_l@merc.ac.ir
1
Materials and Energy
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hudsa
Majidian
h-majidian@merc.ac.ir
2
Materials Energy Research Center
AUTHOR
Samaneh
Ghofrani
s_ghofrani@merc.ac.ir
3
Semiconductors, MERC
AUTHOR
Touraj
Ebadzadeh
t-ebadzadeh@merc.ac.ir
4
Ceramic , Merc
AUTHOR
Bernard, J., Houivet, D., El Fallah, J., "MgTiO3 for Cu base metal multilayer ceramic capacitors", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 24, (2004), 1877-1881.
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2. Belnou, F., Bernard, J., Hoivet, D., "Low temperature sintering of MgTiO3 with bismuth oxide based additions", Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 25, (2005), 2785-2789.
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23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Nanostructuring Platinum Nanoparticles on Ni/Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ Anode for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell via Single-step Infiltration: A Case Study
With the aim of promoting the Ni/Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (Ni/GDC20) cermet anodic performance of low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) [1], nanostructuring platinum nanoparticles on NiO/GDC composite was done by single-step wet-infiltration of hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H2PtCl6.6H2O) precursor on NiO/GDC20 composite. The anodic polarization resistance was measured using symmetric Ni–GDC20|GDC20|Pt electrolyte-supported cell at a temperature range of 400 to 600 °C. Microstructural refinement was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques in comparison to the bare anode before and after hydrogen reduction at 600 °C and also after anodic performance test. Nanostructuring Pt-nanoparticles with an average particle size of 12.5 nm on Ni/GDC20 anode indicated the lack of electrocatalytic enhancement with the addition of platinum for H2 oxidation reaction in LT-SOFC.
https://www.acerp.ir/article_90833_86200dfc307c50fe796d5efa32a1d458.pdf
2018-02-01
45
51
10.30501/acp.2018.90833
LTSOFC
Ni/GDC20 Anode
Platinum Infiltration
Pt-Nanoparticles
H2PtCl6.6H2O
Fatemeh Sadat
Torknik
f.torknik@merc.ac.ir
1
Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gyeong Man
Choi
gmchoi@postech.ac.kr
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
AUTHOR
Amir
Maghsoudipour
a-maghsoudi@merc.ac.ir
3
Department of Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC)
AUTHOR
Mansoor
Kianpour Rad
kianpour.rad@gmail.com
4
Department of Energy; Materials and energy Research Center (MERC)
AUTHOR
Torknik, F. S., Keyanpour-Rad, M., Maghsoudipour, A., Choi, G. M., “Effect of microstructure refinement on performance of Ni/Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 anodes for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell”, Ceramics International, Vol. 40, No. 1, (2014), 1341-1350.
1
Chueh, W. C., Hao, Y., Jung, W., Haile, S. M., "High electrochemical activity of the oxide phase in model ceria–Pt and ceria–Ni composite anodes", Nature materials, Vol. 11, No. 2. (2012), 155.
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Ni M., Zhao T. S. (Eds.), “Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Materials to System Modeling”, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, (2013).
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Reszka, A. J., Snyder, R. C., Gross, M. D., "Insights into the design of SOFC infiltrated electrodes with optimized active TPB density via mechanistic modeling", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, No. 12, (2014), F1176-F1183.
4
Gao, Z., Mogni, L. V., Miller, E. C., Railsback, J. G., Barnett, S. A., "A perspective on low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells", Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, No. 5, (2016), 1602-1644.
5
Torknik, F. S., Maghsoudipour, A., Keyanpour-Rad, M., Choi, G. M., Oh, S. H., Shin, G. Y., "Microstructural refinement of Ni/Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ anodes for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell by wet infiltration loading of PdCl2", Ceramics International, Vol. 40, No. 8, (2014), 12299-12312.
6
Torknik, F. S., Keyanpour-Rad, M., Maghsoudipour, A., Choi, G. M., "Effect of rhodium infiltration on the microstructure and performance of Ni/Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ cermet anode for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell", Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 1, (2016), 43-49.
7
Li, P., Yu, B., Li, J., Yao, X., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., "Improved activity and stability of Ni-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 anode for solid oxide fuel cells fed with methanol through addition of molybdenum", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 320, (2016), 251-256.
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Yoon, H. S., Gore, C. M., Lidie, A. A., Lee, K. T., Wachsman, E. D., "Process Integration for Scale-Up of Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 Electrolyte-Based LT-SOFCs", In Meeting Abstracts, The Electrochemical Society, (2012), No. 16, 1976-1976.
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Li, M., Hua, B., Luo, J. L., Jiang, S. P., Pu, J., Chi, B., Li, J., “Enhancing sulfur tolerance of Ni-based cermet anodes of solid oxide fuel cells by ytterbium-doped barium cerate infiltration", ACS applied materials & interfaces, Vol. 8, No. 16, (2016), 10293-10301.
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