The Room-Temperature Sodium-Free Organosol Precipitation of Barium Titanate Nanocrystals

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Institute for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to produce high-purity monodisperse barium titanate nanocrystals (BTO-NCs). To this end, a modified and very high-yield organosol precipitation method was developed. The novelty of this method was its purely organic approach, which stoped the application of inorganic bases such as caustic soda (NaOH) and avoided the risk of the presence of undesirable ions in the synthesized dielectric material. Results showed that an absolutely-organic base, such as the methylamine aqueous solution could ensure the basic condition required for high-yield organosol precipitation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses were utilized to ensure the formation of monodisperse NCs. It was also found that monodisperse precursor crystals of about 3 nm have been achieved. Using oleic acid as the capping agent allowed generating uniformly small size and excellent dispersibility of the precipitate in the nonpolar solvents. Thus, the synthesized NCs could be easily redispersed in different nonpolar solvents to produce various suspensions of nm-size BTO-NCs without adding any surfactant. The obtained transparent suspensions, which include well-dispersed nm-size crystals, are promising for many applications in nanotechnology such as advanced electro-optic devices.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

 
 Varghese, J., Whatmore, R.W., Holmes, J.D., "Ferroelectric nanoparticles, wires and tubes: synthesis, characterisation and applications", Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 1, (2013), 2618-2638.
Fu, H., Bellaiche, L., "Ferroelectricity in barium titanate quantum dots and wires", Physical review letters, Vol. 91, (2003), 257601.
Ahn, C. H., Rabe, K. M., Triscone, J.-M., "Ferroelectricity at the nanoscale local polarization in oxide thin films and heterostructures", Science, Vol. 303, No. 5657, (2004), 488-491.
Vijatović, M.M., Bobić, J.D., Stojanović, B.D., "History and challenges of barium titanate: Part I", Science of Sintering, Vol. 40, (2008), 155-165.
Moulson, A.J., Herbert, J.M., "Barium Titanate—The Prototype Ferroelectric Ceramic, in: Electroceramics: materials, properties, applications", John Wiley & Sons, (2003), pp. 71-82.
Moulson, A.J., Herbert, J.M., "Important Commercial Piezoceramics, in: Electroceramics: materials, properties, applications", John Wiley & Sons, (2003), pp. 362-381.
Gao, Y., Shvartsman, V.V., Elsukova, A., Lupascu, D.C., "Low-temperature synthesis of crystalline BaTiO3 nanoparticles by one-step organosol-precipitation", Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, (2012), 17573-17583.
Zhou, Z., Bowland, C.C., Patterson, B.A., Malakooti, M.H., Sodano, H.A., "Conformal BaTiO3 films with high piezoelectric coupling through an optimized hydrothermal synthesis", ACS applied materials & interfaces, Vol. 8, (2016), 21446-21453.
Jiang, B., Iocozzia, J., Zhao, L., Zhang, H., Harn, Y.W., Chen, Y., Lin, Z., "Barium titanate at the nanoscale: controlled synthesis and dielectric and ferroelectric properties", Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, (2019), 1194-1228.
Kolen'ko, Y.V., Kovnir, K.A., Neira, I.S., Taniguchi, T., Ishigaki, T., Watanabe, T., Sakamoto, N., Yoshimura, M., "A novel, controlled, and high-yield solvothermal drying route to nanosized barium titanate powders", The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 111, (2007), 7306-7318.
Gao, Y., "Synthesis of Core-Shell Structured Nanocomposite Materials", in: Institute for Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, (2015).
Du, H., Wohlrab, S., Weiß, M., Kaskel, S., "Preparation of BaTiO3 nanocrystals using a two-phase solvothermal method", Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 17, (2007), 4605-4610.
Chou, N., Eldridge, J., "Effects of material and processing parameters on the dielectric strength of thermally grown SiO2 films", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 117, (1970), 1287-1293.
DiStefano, T., "Dielectric breakdown induced by sodium in MOS structures, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 44, (1973), 527-528.
López, M.D.C.B., Fourlaris, G., Rand, B., Riley, F.L., "Characterization of barium titanate powders: barium carbonate identification", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 82, (1999), 1777-1786.
Lee, S., Paik, U., Hackley, V.A., Jung, Y.G., Yoon, K.J., "Microstructure and permittivity of sintered BaTiO3: influence of particle surface chemistry in an aqueous medium", Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 39, (2004), 93-102.
Adair, J.H., Crampo, J., Mandanas, M.M., Suvaci, E., "The role of material chemistry in processing BaTiO3 in aqueous suspensions", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, (2006), 1853-1860.
Park, K.I., Lee, M., Liu, Y., Moon, S., Hwang, G.T., Zhu, G., Kim, J.E., Kim, S.O., Kim, D.K., Wang, Z.L., Lee, K.J., "Flexible nanocomposite generator made of BaTiO3 nanoparticles and graphitic carbons", Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, (2012), 2999-3004.
Osburn, C.M., Raider, S.I., "The effect of mobile sodium ions on field enhancement dielectric breakdown in SiO2 films on silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 120, (1973), 1369-1376.
Advanced Ceramics Progress
Volume 5, Issue 2
Spring 2019
Pages 12-18

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 24 June 2019
  • Revise Date: 10 August 2019
  • Accept Date: 28 September 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics