Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC) Iranian Ceramic Society (ICERS) Advanced Ceramics Progress 2423-7477 11 3 2025 07 01 Evaluating in Vitro Calcium Phosphate Formation on the Surfaces of Synthesized Silanated Polymethylmethacrylate Microspheres 39 51 244974 10.30501/acp.2025.538730.1182 EN Fatemeh Mohammadi MSc Student, School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0003-3270-941X Saeed Hesaraki Professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0001-9147-5850 Rahim Naghizadeh Associate Professor, School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2379-2106 Nader Nezafati Associate Professor, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-2072-5012 Mojtaba Beygzadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran. 0000-0002-0949-9915 Journal Article 2025 08 02 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is widely used in orthopedic applications such as kyphoplasty and prosthesis fixation due to its favorable mechanical properties. However, its inherent bioinertness limits direct bonding with bone tissue. This study presents a novel approach to enhance the bioactivity of PMMA through surface chemical modification of the powder phase. PMMA microspheres were synthesized using the solvent evaporation emulsification method, which involved optimizing the surfactant type and concentration, as well as process parameters, to achieve morphological stability. Surface hydrolysis with sulfuric acid was conducted to introduce carboxylic functional groups. Subsequently, chemical functionalization was performed using varying concentrations of silane coupling agents, GPTMS and TEOS. FTIR spectroscopy and SEM analyses confirmed successful surface modification while preserving microsphere morphology. Bioactivity was evaluated by immersing the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1, 7, and 14 days. A gradual formation of a hydroxyapatite layer was observed on the modified surfaces, as evidenced by SEM imaging, FTIR spectra, and XRD patterns. The results demonstrate that surface silanization considerably improves the bioactivity of PMMA microspheres. This surface modification strategy shows strong potential for developing PMMA-based implant materials with enhanced osseointegration capability. https://www.acerp.ir/article_244974_e6b15cf970cbe9a05649b6e47a457277.pdf