Advanced Ceramics Progress

Advanced Ceramics Progress

K, Ca, and Zn Ratios Affect Glass Frit Properties

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors
Aida Faeghinia 1
Zahra Khakpour 2
R. Salami 3
Mohamad Zakeri 1
1 Associate Professor, Department of Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
3 MSc, Department of Ceramic, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran.
10.30501/acp.2025.491648.1172
Abstract
Frites with mole fractions of 2.5 SiO₂, 0.20 Al₂O₃, 0.15 B₂O₃, 0.15 ZnO, 0.17 K₂O, and 0.67 CaO were studied at three different S ratios—0.37 (denoted as F1 frits), 0.31 (F2), and 0.24 (F3)—where S = K₂O / (CaO + ZnO). ZnO powders of two different particle sizes were used as raw materials: 500 nm (N series), obtained from recycled Zn ingot dust, and >1 μm (F series), sourced from commercial ZnO. Upon decreasing the S ratio, the molar volumes of the frits decreased. The glass transition temperature difference (ΔTg = –154 °C) decreased, whereas the crystallization temperature difference (ΔTp = +17 °C) increased. It was shown that the glass stability (GS) values were independent of ZnO powder size, although the molar volumes of the N series were lower than those of the F series. Crystalline phases identified in the resulting glazes included zinc silicate (willemite), anorthite, and parawollastonite. The hardness values ranged between 700 and 850 Hv, while the glazes exhibited transparency and whiteness values exceeding 80 and 60, respectively. 
Keywords
Glaze
ZnO
Size
Frites
TEC

Subjects

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  • Receive Date 01 December 2024
  • Revise Date 16 April 2025
  • Accept Date 20 July 2025